Mongane Wally Serote

In 1969 he was arrested and detained for nine months in solitary confinement under the Terrorism Act. In 1972, he published his first collection, Yakhal’inkomo, which went on to win the Ingrid Jonker Prize for debut poetry in English. This early success was followed by a string of highly acclaimed collections throughout the 1970s and 1980s.

South Africa during the 1970s was fertile ground for a literary revival of the silenced black voices withering under state repression. This was a defining period for the evolution of political consciousness among black South Africans, and BC affirmed and fostered black cultural values, aiding the establishment of a racial solidarity in the face of harsh oppression. The literature of Serote’s fellow writers Sipho Sepamla, Oswald Mtshali, Chris van Wyk, Mafika Gwala and Don Mattera spurred on the political ideals of anti-apartheid popular movements. Many of these works aimed at mobilising audiences; the immediate impact of drama and poetry drove the momentum for change.

Serote was awarded a Fulbright Scholarship and received an MFA from Columbia University in 1979. His poetry that took shape during this period suggests influences from the Harlem Renaissance and Negritude movements, with hints that the writing of Amiri Baraka, Don L. Lee and Ishmael Reed offered him a new mode for expansion and expression.

Unable to return to South Africa after completing his studies, Serote remained in voluntary exile, going to Botswana in 1977 where he rejoined the ANC underground and military wing, Mkhonto we Sizwe. Together with the artist Thami Mnyele (whose image of a mother and child graced the cover of Yakhal’inkomo) he was instrumental in establishing the Medu Art Ensemble in Gaborone.

His debut novel, To Every Birth Its Blood, (Ravan, 1981) offers a riveting insight into the political activity in the 1970s, exploring the tensions of state violence, black apathy and the shift into violent dissention. Serote’s later novel, Gods of Our Time (Ravan, 1999), outlines the growing militancy of civilians and the gathering intensity of military campaigns that ultimately contributed to the toppling of apartheid.

In 1993, his seventh poetry collection, Third World Express (David Phillips, 1992) won the Noma Award for Publishing in Africa. In 2004, he received the Pablo Neruda award from the Chilean government.

Serote held a variety of positions in the ANC, returning to South Africa in 1990, when he was appointed Head of the Department of Arts and Culture of the ANC in Johannesburg. He has also served as chair of the parliamentary select committee for arts and culture. Serote was awarded honorary doctorates from the universities of KwaZulu-Natal and Transkei. Until recently he was a Member of Parliament and Chairman of the Portfolio Committee for Arts, Culture, Language, Science and Technology.


Desiree Lewis, referring to the poem ‘Ofay-Watcher Looks Back’, writes, “The poem is charged in the way it palpably evokes a yearning – existential, political and also, (impossible word for South Africans in the seventies), spiritual – to introspectively and retrospectively think about what be-ing in this place at this time actually means.”

Her comment applies equally to the five poems presented in this issue. These works, written in 1975 from the United States while Serote was studying for an MFA at Columbia University, have an eerie resonance that echoes down the years to the present day, speaking to the simmering rage of a still violent society, as they did then.

‘Shadow in Motion: Bra-Zeke Mphahlele’, ‘Heat and Sweat’, ‘For Those of Us Who Make Music’, ‘When Lights Go Out’ and ‘Child of the Song’ are from part two of Behold Mama, Flowers (AD Donker, 1978). The first part of this collection is the epic title poem.

Michael Chapman notes that his two epic poems No Baby Shall Weep and Behold Mama, Flowers, “grapple with the problems of squalor, violence, death, destitution, exploitation and the Black People’s quest for identity and a sense of community. Serote’s identification with the problems of the Black community is manifested through his use of ‘a profoundly compassionate authorial presence’ in many of his poems. But he can also cultivate an artistic detachment through the use of expressions that are deadpan, which, far from sacrificing the emotional intensity of his poems, bring out most effectively the callousness, and the insensitivity of people.”

Nicholas Meihuizen holds Serote as the African counterpart to the Irish poet Seamus Heaney. He raises a trenchant comparison and question: “. . . for as political entities South Africa and Ireland have both been subjected to histories of violence based on colonial ethic discrimination and it variations, including the binaries inherent in colonialism: Master and Slave, First World and Third World, Settler and Indigene. What are the responses of Heaney and Serote to this violence? Leading from this initial broad-based question is another more specific and more contentious one . . .  which has to do with the social reverberations of art.”

Meihuizen observes “if hope is a tool, language is its implement, and, again, Serote would effect transformation through language. His war against apartheid has been a way of words, in the most literal sense, and the world has witnessed that such a war can influence hearts and minds.”

In practice, Serote, a deeply spiritual man, is involved in the vital healing the country needs. In his private capacity as a traditional healer – a sangoma – and as CEO of the Freedom Park Trust, he was instrumental in overseeing the construction of the Freedom Park Memorial that opened recently in Pretoria. This visionary monument, built in a stark and beautiful spot, honours the contribution of those comrades who served the struggle for liberation with their lives.

Serote’s work as a poet is far from over. Those who love this land and yearn for its reconstruction want honest talk and an integrated vision. In this unstable present, the country is tottering under the compound threats of searing poverty, HIV/AIDS, gender violence, xenophobia, ecological crisis, corruption, and, perhaps the most disturbing of all, the simmering nationalism, internally and on the country’s border in Zimbabwe. Serote’s nation now needs the bold imagination, plain truth, and redemptive inspiration that is born of courageous boundary-breaking language. His nation needs what he offered it in the past so that it might mend the fractures tormenting and traumatising it today. Those of his countrymen and women who have looked to him and learned from him now call on him to continue the work, using the words he wrote for them:

To heal is to heal
so heal in the manner
you can heal.


Sources and further reading

Ntongela Masilela: Black South African literature from the ‘Sophiatown Renaissance’ to ‘Black Mamba Rising’: Transformations and Variations from the 1950s to the 1980s

Cosmo Pieterse: Towards a Survey: A reflection on South African poetry

Priya Narismulu: “Our strength comes from poisoned wells”: the literature of self-criticism in the South African resistance struggle

Michael Chapman: The Possibilities of Imaginative Expression in A State of Emergency, The English Academy Review, February 1988

Desiree Lewis: Review of It All Begins: Poems From Postliberation South Africa

Essop Patel: ‘Mongane Wally Serote: poet of revolution’, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 12, No. 1, January 1990

Nicholas Meihuizen: ‘The Poetics of Violence: The parallel cases of Seamus Heaney and Mongane Wally Serote’ in (eds Patricia Lynch, Joachim Fischer and Brian Coates) Back to the Present: Forward to the Past, Irish Writing and History since 1798 (Editions Rodopi, 2006)

Bibliography

Poems
Yakhal’inkomo, AD Donker, Johannesburg, 1972
Tsetlo, AD Donker, Johannesburg, 1974
No Baby Must Weep, AD Donker, Johannesburg, 1975
Behold Mama, Flowers, AD Donker, Johannesburg, 1978
The Night Keeps Winking, Medu Art Ensemble, Gaborone, 1982
A Tough Tale, Kliptown Books, London, 1987
Third World Express, David Phillips, Cape Town, 1992
Come and Hope With Me, David Phillips, Cape Town, 1994
Freedom, Lament and Song, David Phillips, Cape Town, 1997
History is the Home Address, Kwela, Cape Town, 2004

Essays
On the Horizon, Congress of South African Writers, 1990
Hyenas, Vivlia, Johannesburg, 2001

Novels
To Every Birth its Blood, Ravan, Johannesburg, 1981
Gods of Our Time, Ravan, Johannesburg, 1999
Scatter the Ashes and Go, Ravan, Johannesburg, 2002

Awards
1973 - Ingrid Jonker award for the best poetry debut in English
1993 - Third World Express wins the Noma award for publishing in Africa
2003 - The English Academy of Southern Africa Medal for contribution to the English language
2004 - Pablo Neruda Medal for Writing
2007 - The Order of Ikhamanga in Silver
2008 - Third World Express selected for Africa Book Centre’s 100 Best Books of the Twentieth Century

Links

The President of South Africa Awards Mongane Wally Serote The Order of Ikhamanga in Silver

Nicholas Meihuizen’s review Milk for amnesia and other local distillations

Peter Horn’s essay A Volcano in the Night of Oppression: Reflections on the poetry of Mongane Serote

M. Ayodele Heath’s essay Defining Black Consciousness: Mongane Wally Serote’s ‘What’s in This Black “Shit”‘?

Michael Chapman’s essay Soweto Poetry 2007 - Introduction

Freedom Park website

Poetry online

History is a Home Address
City Johannesburg
What’s in this Black Shit
The Actual Dialogue
Alexandra
‘Matshediso:Past Footsteps, and an extract from ‘no baby must weep’